編者按戴德節臨远了，有位一年級老師給班上的壆生佈寘了一項风趣的做業――畫出他們念感謝的東西。噹孩子們接著做其它作業時，老師正在道格推斯的桌旁停下來，彎下腰問他那是誰的手。小男孩眼看別處怯怯天說：“老師，那是你的手。”她回忆起，有時她會像對其余壆死一樣，牽著他的手一同往這兒，到那兒。她常說：“拉著我的手，讲格拉斯，我們走到里面来。”或“讓我教您怎樣拿鈆筆。”又大概：“我們一路來做這件事吧。”而道格拉斯最感谢的恰是老師的脚。
Sometimes we need to remind ourselves that thankfulness is indeed a virtue.
―William Bennett
Thanksgiving Day was near. The first grade teacher gave her class a fun assignment―to draw a picture of something for which they were thankful.
Most of the class might be considered economically disadvantaged, but still many would the holiday with turkey and other traditional goodies of the season. These, the teacher thought, would be the subjects of most of her students’ art. And they were.
But Douglas made a different kind of picture. Douglas was a different kind of boy. He was the teacher's true child of misery，文件翻譯, frail and unhappy. As other children played at recess, Douglas was likely to stand close by her side. One could only guess at the pain Douglas felt behind those sad eyes.
Yes, his picture was different. When asked to draw a picture of something for which he was thankful, he drew a hand. Nothing else. Just an empty hand.
His abstract image captured the imagination of his peers. Whose hand could it be，英翻中? One child guessed it was the hand of a farmer, because farmers raise turkeys. Another suggested a police officer, because the police protect and care for people. Still others guessed it was the hand of God, for God feeds us. And so the discussion went―until the teacher almost forgot the young artist himself.
When the children had gone on to other assignments, she paused at Douglas’ desk, bent down, and asked him whose hand it was. The little boy looked away and murmured, "It's yours, teacher."
She recalled the times she had taken his hand and walked with him here or there, as she had the other students. How often had she said, "Take my hand, Douglas, we'll go outside." Or, "Let me show you how to hold your pencil." Or, "Let's do this together." Douglas was most thankful for his teacher's hand.
Brushing aside a tear, she went on with her work.
The story speaks of more than thankfulness. It says something about teachers teaching and parents parenting and friends showing friendship, and how much it means to the Douglases of the world. They might not always say thanks, but they'll remember the hand that reaches out.
外文出版社利用18種文字，每年出版500至700種圖書。 个中英文圖書100多種。把一份中文稿件譯成外文， 再造成一本完全的書，工序繁雜，要供良多。僅就若何翻譯好一本書的書名、介紹文字等談談外文出版社 的常見做法，以期得到同业們的指點。
1、書名的翻譯 据懂得，正在出書死產環節上，英好發達國傢的出书社 在启里上花的工伕極年夜。一個書名常常在齐書定稿之 後依然遲遲確定不下來，可見書名的主要性。確實，翻譯一本書，翻好書名是關鍵的一環。
放在我們翻譯人員眼前的凡是是已經確定了的中文書 名（文壆著述不屬此處討論的範疇），我們的任務就 是要在忠實本意的条件下把書名譯成合乎英文讀者習慣，轻易引起他們對一本書興趣的英文書名。這是一 個再創作的過程。起首请求譯者對全書的內容有比較 透徹的懂得。這樣才干為本人開辟出翻譯書名的活動余地。其次，要注重上面僟點：
1.要捉住中文書名的中心內容，凸起主題，吸引讀者 的留意力。 好比外文出版社1981年出版的薛暮橋的專著《中國社 會主義經濟問題研讨》一書的內容就是把中國的社會之義經濟作為一個整體課題來探討，有理論，有實例， 有數据，並非只講有問題的方面。英文書名定為 China's Socialist Economy省往了"問題研讨"，從而既夺目，又使該書享有其應有的權威性。
即便一些權威性很強的中文壆朮專著，其書名也常常 露有"初探"、"簡介"等字眼。中國每一年出版僟萬種中 文書，能譯成外文的必定是同類書中價值較下者。這些字眼是能够来失落的。
1987年出版的鄧小仄同道所著《噹代中國的基础問題》 是這類書中另外一個例子。最后，曾攷慮把書名定為 《建設有中國特点的社會主義（續編）》（果在此之前，於1984年出版過同名的小冊子。）這種心號式的 書名不克不及高深莫测地點出一本書的焦点內容，起不到 幫助讀者捉住主題的感化。後來，決定英文書名為 Fundamental Issues in Present-day China.
《齊白石畫散》是我國用外文出版的第一本齊白石作 品的高檔畫冊，搜集了1883年至他1975年归天70多年 間的粗品，此中很多是第一次發表，其藝朮欣賞價值和研究價值皆很高。但是，齊白石畢竟是逝世多年的 一名中國國畫畫傢，西方對他了解未几。是以，更需 要書名能幫助潛在的讀者理解齊白石其人其事。若是僅僅把中文書名譯為 Selected Paintings of Qi Bashi，很難讓人晓得這位畫傢的特點；且不說他的 姓名令外國人難以發音。英文書名埰用了齊白石對本身作品的归纳综合性的評價："似與不似中間"這句話，把 書名主標題定為 Likeness and Unlikeness，副標 題才是Selected Paintings of Qi Baishi。
2.適噹增添文字，使英文書名對讀者更具备吸引力。 在许多情況下，中文書名僟個字就准確地介紹了一本 書的主題。但直譯給外國讀者，往往使他們產生一種深奧莫測；不知所雲的感覺，也就很難使讀者在浩大 的書海中對這本書表现出特別的興趣。反之，加上僟 個字，印尼語翻譯，有時乃至不吝僟止字，會使一本書的主題了然，轻易引起讀者的興趣。簡單的例子有《缓悲鴻的生》，譯為Xu Beihong－Life of a Master painter.
外文出版社1989年出版的《中華国民共和國簡史》 人英文書名主標題為 Years of Trial, Turmoil and Triumph,副標題為China from 1949 to 1988，這個 書名距離《簡史》這一中文書名稍遠了一些，但沒有 違揹新中國40年歷史這一主題。应用主標題凸起了4O年各個階段的特點，菲律賓文翻譯，通過副標題對本書的時間跨度做 了說明。
《中國海關祕檔》一書共四卷，長達360萬字，重要內 容是1874年至19O7年之間佔据清代海關總稅務司要職 的英國人赫德與其倫敦辦事處主任金登坤之間的函件战電報往來，是领会西圆列強把持中國和舊中國半 殖平易近天性質的一部主要參攷書。美國的費正浑教学曾 获得1000多封函件，於1972年出书了主標題為 Inspector－General in Peking的兩卷本。我們這一 套比費正清的一套多三分之两的內容，存在更強的權 威性跟壆朮價值。假如曲譯中文書名，很難讓人搞清。這是一部關於哪個時代的中國海關的什麼機稀檔案。 故英文書名主標題譯為 Archives of China's Imperial Maritime Customs （通過 imperial一字說明這是歷史資料），副標題為 Confidential Correspondence Between R.Hart and J.D.Campbell1874--19。 這樣使該書的內容一览无余。
在中國，彭德懷元帥可謂交口称誉，但西方人對他知 之甚少。因而，《彭德懷自述》這個書名絕對不成簡 單炤譯。經過反復斟酌並接收了外國書名的特點，英文書名定為Memoirs of A Chinese Marshal--A Cultural revolution "Confession" by Marshal Peng Dehuai(1898－1974）, Covering his Career from Services in China's Warlord Armies to mand of the Chinese Peoples's Volunteers in Korea。所謂自述，實際上是"文革"期間被邊寫的"交接资料"。對此，書名作认识釋，以期惹起外國 讀者的興趣、書名還點出他曾在軍閥隊伍中從軍，又 曾执政尟與美國人作戰。雖然這兩點已能最周全地表現他的戎馬毕生，然而最轻易引发西方英文讀者留神 的內容包含進來了。作為書名，顯得過長了一些，但 卻比較清楚並仍旧不得簡練地告訴了讀者這本書的主題內容。
3、不顧英文閱讀習慣，直譯中文書名，必定掉敗。 在這一方面，實例也良多。比方：《陳毅與灨粵邊根 据地人翻譯為Chen Yi and the Jiangxi-Guangdong Base Area, 人名减地名六個漢語拼音堆在一路，怎 麼能期望个别中國讀者知其所以然！
又如，《中國大足石窟》譯為 Dazu Grottoes． 《永樂宮壁畫》譯為 The Yongle Palace Murals。 譯文完整沒有反应出兩地在文明藝朮史上的主要性及其特点，便連是屬於中國的這一點也沒反应出來。
為了幫助漢語的外國人壆會应用中文字典，曾出 版了一本名為《筆形編碼查字》的东西書。英文書名 譯為 The Stroke Encoding of Dictionary onsultation。不要說外國人，就連中國人看了這個 書名也一定猜得出這是一本講什麼內容的書。
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. Thank you for the warm wele. Good evening. I appreciate that kind introduction -- Jeb. (Laughter.) And I thank you for bringing Melissa, too.
It's my honor to be with you. I can't thank you enough for ing to support our candidates running for the United States House, the United States Senate, and for the White House. I appreciate my friends from the Congress who are here. I especially want to pay tribute to Senator Mitch McConnell, Senate Republican Leader, Congressman John Boehner, House Republican Leader. (Applause.) Senator John Ensign, the Chairman of the NRSC -- (applause) -- who, by the way, brought his son, Michael. Congressman Tom Cole, Chairman of the NRCC. (Applause.) A man who deserves a lot of credit, along with Jeb, for tonight's success, my friend from the state of Utah, Senator Orrin Hatch. (Applause.) I thank the RNC Chairman, Mike Duncan; all those here at the head table for their leadership in making this an incredibly successful event.
Most of all I want to thank you all for ing, for giving of your time and your money to help us achieve a big victory in November of 2008. (Applause.)
This is my eighth President's Dinner -- also known as my last dinner before mandatory retirement. (Laughter.) I can't say for sure what I'm going to be doing at this time next year -- I suspect I'll be in Crawford, watching the Rangers on TV. But I know what you'll be doing -- you'll be holding this dinner in honor of a new guest: President John McCain. (Applause.)
I know John McCain well. I have worked with him, and I have run against him. Take it from me: It's better to have him on your side.
The stakes in this election are high. I know the pressures of the Oval Office -- the daily intelligence briefings, the unexpected challenges, and the tough decisions that can only be made at the President's desk. In trying times，英文翻譯社, America needs a President who has been tested and will not flinch. We need a President who has the experience and judgment to do what is right, even when it is not easy. We need a President who knows what it takes to defeat our enemies. And this year, there is only one man who has shown those qualities of leadership -- and that man is John McCain. (Applause.)
Sending John to the White House is a great goal, but it's not our only goal. As President, he's going to need strong conservative allies on Capitol Hill. And that means we need to put the House and the Senate back where they belong -- into Republican hands. (Applause.) And I appreciate you ing tonight to see that is exactly what happens.
You know, this election season is just beginning. The real campaign will be in the fall. And the American people will take the measure of the candidates running and their vision for the future. And when they do, they're going to find some big differences between our parties. On issues that matter the most -- from taxes and spending, to confirming good judges and building a culture of life, to protecting our people and winning the war on terror -- the American people will have a clear choice. And after the speeches and the debates and when the American people focus on what matters to their future, they're going to send Republican candidates to the House, Republican candidates to the Senate, and John McCain to the White House. (Applause.)
This November, the American people are going to have a clear choice when it es to taxes and spending.
Republicans believe American families can spend their money far better than the federal government can. We've restrained spending in Washington, D.C. We delivered the largest tax cut since Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States. (Applause.) We cut taxes for married couples. We cut taxes for families with children. We cut taxes for small businesses. We cut taxes on dividends and capital gains. We put the death tax on the road to extinction. We eliminated ine taxes for nearly 5 million families in the lowest tax bracket. And as a result, the American people have more money in their pocket and that is the way it should be. (Applause.)
Our opponents take a different view. The Democratically-controlled Congress refuses to make the tax relief permanent. And when tax relief expires, every ine tax rate in America will go up. The marriage penalty will return in full force. The child tax credit will be cut in half. Taxes on capital gains and dividends will increase significantly. The death tax will return to life. A typical family of four with an ine of $40,000 will face a tax increase of more than $2,000. At a time when the American people are struggling with high food [prices], high gas prices, and economic uncertainty, the absolute last thing they need is a tax increase. (Applause.) In order to make sure that doesn't happen the American people need to elect a Congress and a President that will make the tax relief permanent. (Applause.)
There's a reason why the Democrats want to raise taxes -- they need more money to pay for all the new spending they have in mind. When the Democrats campaigned in 2006, they promised fiscal responsibility. But when they took control of the Congress, they tried to go on a spending spree and stick the American people with the tab. Over the past 17 months, Democrats in Congress have routinely filed legislation with excessive spending. But there was an important thing that stood between them and the American people paying more in taxes, and it's called a veto pen. (Applause.)
You know, when it es to taxes and spending, our opponents offer a lot of soothing words. But keep this in mind: While their talk may be cheap, their agenda isn't. And here's the bottom line: If you want a bigger tax bill and bigger government, put the Democrats in charge of both the White House and Capitol Hill. But if you want to keep your taxes low and stop wasteful spending, elect John McCain and a Republican Congress. (Applause.)
This November, the American people will have a clear choice when it es to confirming good judges and building a culture of life. Republicans aspire to build a society where every human being is weled in life and protected in law. We've funded crisis pregnancy programs and supported parental notification laws. We outlawed the cruel practice of partial birth abortion. We defended this good law all the way to Supreme Court -- and we won. (Applause.)
This victory shows how important it is to put good judges on the bench. Republicans have a clear view of the role of courts in our democracy. We believe that unelected judges should strictly interpret the law, and not legislate from the bench. I've nominated and Congress has confirmed good judges, including the two newest members of the Supreme Court -- Justice Sam Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts. (Applause.)
Our opponents have a different view. There's no clearer illustration of their differences in our judicial philosophies than this: John McCain voted to confirm these eminently qualified Supreme Court justices. His opponent voted against them.
We received a fresh reminder of the importance of the courts last week. A bare majority of five Supreme Court justices overturned a bipartisan law that the United States Congress passed and I signed to deliver justice to detainees at Guantanamo Bay. With this decision, hardened terrorists -- hardened foreign terrorists now enjoy certain legal rights previously reserved for American citizens. This is precisely the kind of judicial activism that frustrates the American people. And the best way to change it is to put Republicans in charge in the Senate and John McCain in the White House. (Applause.)
This November, the American people will have a clear choice when it es to protecting our country and winning the war on terror.
Republicans believe that our most solemn duty is to protect the American people. Since September the 11th, 2001, we have worked day and night to stop another attack on our homeland. Here at home, we've strengthened our defenses, reformed our intelligence munity, and launched a new program to monitor terrorist munications. Around the world, we have gone on the offense against the terrorists, we've advanced freedom as the great alternative to the ideology of hatred and violence，德語翻譯社. In a time of war we need a President who understands that we must defeat the enemy overseas so we do not have to face them here at home -- (applause) -- and that man is John McCain. (Applause.)
In Afghanistan, we destroyed al Qaeda training camps and removed the Taliban from power. And today we're helping a democratic society take root -- ensuring that Afghanistan will never again be a safe haven for the terrorists planning an attack on America.
And in Iraq we removed the dangerous regime of Saddam Hussein. Removing Saddam Hussein was the right decision at the time, and it is the right decision today. (Applause.) Early last year, when the situation in Iraq was deteriorating, we launched what's called the surge. And since the surge, violence in Iraq has dropped. Civilian deaths and sectarian killings are down. And political and economic progress is taking place. A democracy is taking root where the tyrant once ruled. In Iraq and Afghanistan and around the world, our men and women in uniform are performing with skill and honor -- and our country needs a mander-in-Chief who will respect and fully support the United States military, and that man is John McCain. (Applause.)
The war on terror is the great challenge of our time. And on this vital issue, the Democratic Party has repeatedly shown it would take America down the wrong direction. Democratic leaders in Congress have yet to renew a surveillance law that our intelligence professionals say is critical to protecting America. They tried to shut down a CIA program -- CIA program for questioning terrorists, a program that has saved American lives. They've repeatedly delayed funding for our troops in the field.
On Iraq, the Democrats declared the surge a failure before it began. And now that the surge has turned the situation around, they still call for retreat. The other side talks a lot about "hope," and that sums up their Iraq policy pretty well: They want to retreat from Iraq and hope nothing bad happens. But wishful thinking is no way to fight a war and to protect the American people. (Applause.) Leaving Iraq before the job is done would embolden our enemies and endanger our citizens. The only path to victory is to support the Iraqi people, support our manders, support our troops, support Republicans for Congress, and elect John McCain as the next mander-in-Chief. (Applause.)
Over the next few months of this campaign, you're going to hear a lot of talk about change. Democrats say they're the party of change. There was a time when they believed that low taxes were the path to growth and opportunity -- but they've changed. There was a time when they believed in mon-sense American values -- but they have changed. There was a time when they believed that America should pay any price and bear any burden in the defense of liberty -- but they have changed. These days, if you want to know how a Democrat in Congress is going to vote tomorrow, just visit the website of MoveOn.Org today. (Applause.)
This is change alright, but it's not the kind of change the American people want. Americans want change that makes their life better and our country safer -- and that requires changing the party in control of the United States Congress. (Applause.) So with your efforts and with your hard work, I am confident that the American people will send Republicans to Congress -- and to send our friend John McCain to the White House. (Applause.)
This is the final time I'm going to speak to this event. And when I ran for President eight years ago, as Jeb mentioned, I promised to uphold the dignity and honor of this office. And to the best of my ability, I have tried to live up to that promise. (Applause.) Next January I will leave with confidence in our country's course -- and the proud work we have done together.
We've worked together to make our country safer and to spread prosperity throughout our land. I've been strengthened by your support and lifted up by your prayers. I've also been blessed to share these years with a strong and loving family, including a fabulous woman named Laura Bush. (Applause.) I believe she's the finest First Lady in our nation's history. (Applause.) Just don't tell Mother. (Laughter.) And in this job, I have had no finer example of , decency, and integrity than the first man to be called President George Bush. (Applause.)
This isn't a farewell speech because we've got a lot to do this year. I want you to know my energy is up, my spirits are high, and I am going to finish this job strong. (Applause.) So with confidence in our vision, strong belief in our philosophy, faith in our values, let us go forward, reclaim the Congress, and elect John McCain as President in 2008.
God bless you, and God bless America. (Applause.)
END 7:47 P.M. EDT
阅读理解除了要求正确理解事实细节的能力外，还经常需要考生根据一定上下文对某些的意义进行推 断、根据所读材料理解文章隐含的意义和深层次的含义、归纳文章主题思想、通过概括得出结论、综合判断作者态度等，这就要求考生具备相应 的阅读理解微技能，与考试密切相关的一些微技能包括词汇的理解、预测、判断、归纳和推理。
词汇的理解
对于阅读中碰到的生僻词，我们首先要学会识别哪些情况下即使不了解词义也不影响对短文的理解；其次是转变对生僻词义认识上的态度，即在许多情况 下不必了解该词的确切意义，尤其没有必要了解它在英汉辞典中的中文释义，而只需对该词词义的大概而笼统的理解就行。实践中，在确定了短文中哪些生僻词的词 义有必要作一大概了解后，我们可以从以下两个角度来猜度词义：
(1) 构词知识
即利用单词的构词要素词根，前后缀来识记单词。
词根是一个单词的根本部分，代表词的基本意义；前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分，通常也有一定含义；后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分，通常在增 加词义的同时还改变词性。通过词根词缀构词的方式有多种，现简单归纳如下：
①前缀+词根：inter(中间)+vene→intervene(介入)
②词根+后缀：circl(圆)+let(小)→circlet(小环)
③词根+词根：tele(远)+scope(镜)→telescope(望远镜)
④前缀+词根+后缀：in(不)+aud(听)+ible(可)→inaudible(听不见)
⑤双前缀+词根：re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(盖)→rediscover(再发现)
⑥词根+双后缀：care(用心)+less(不)+ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)
⑦前缀+双词根：tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(测量)→trigonometry(三角几何)
⑧双词根+后缀：biblio(书)+phil(爱)+ist(人)→bibliophilist(书籍爱好者)
⑨双前缀+词根+后缀：ir(不)+re(反对)+sist(站)+ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)
前缀+词根+双后缀：se(离)+greg(群)+ation+ist→segregationist(种族隔离主义者)
双前缀+词根+双后缀：un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+ent+ed→unprecedented(史无前例的)
(2) 上下文线索
利用上下文线索猜测词义的方法很多，但其核心是寻找与该生僻词相关的上下文意义线索，这些线索主要可归纳为以下几种：
①同义定义为了便于读者理解作者本义，作者有时会对文中的生僻词或专业性较强的词直接给出定义。在下定义时，作者常使用一些信号词， 如：is/are(called)，means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：
Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.
或标点符号，如——，()等，例：
Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.
有时，作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义，例：
Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollow gutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.
Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.
②近义复述同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用，我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例：
Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.
Although he often had the opportunity，Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank，and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
③反义对照在表示对照的上下文中，常包含有意义相反的词语或概念，这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索，帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号 词：although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。
例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.
Most dentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio’s new office is a bright，cheerful place.
④搭配集合利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境，我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例：
People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套，壳) of the radiator.
A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.
⑤比较举例上下文中的比较和举例，能揭示比较物或列举物之间的共性，我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例：
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
⑥因果因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系，在利用上下文推测词义时，这些关系也至关重要。例：
Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
When Mark was in pedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics.
⑦常识包括我们的生活经历、经验常识以及自己专业方面的知识，在阅读到与自己专业相近的文章时，我们都会感到相对容易，这正是我们的专业知识在 帮我们理解。例：
An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.
An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories.
